The Shiqian site in Shaanxi Province is the largest city site in China before and after BC BC. The site of the Shijie City site is surrounded by the Huangchengtai and surrounded by inner and outer cities. It has opened the precedent for the architectural pattern of ancient Chinese capitals. Its findings have changed people's traditional understanding of the early Chinese civilization and the origin of Chinese civilization. In 2013, the Shijie site won consecutive honors such as “China's Six Major Archaeological Discoveries†and “National Top Ten Archaeological Discoveriesâ€.
Since April of this year, after more than three months of excavation, archaeologists have discovered the site of ruins and tombs more than 4,300 years ago in the Shijie City site of Shenmu County, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province. This discovery helps restore the prehistoric ancestors. The face of life. In order to visit the latest development of the Chinese civilization exploration project, I entered the excavation site of the Shijie site.
Excavation of a number of pottery and stone bones with distinct characteristics and clear geographical features
Departing from Gaojiabao Town, Shenmu County, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province, the vast Loess Plateau is dotted with green vegetation. Turning over a sand beam, it is a stone wall with a height of more than 3 meters. It runs along the wall. The large-scale prehistoric city defense site, the Shiji site, which is more than 4,300 years old, is displayed in front of you.
Sun Zhouyong, deputy dean of the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology and archaeological leader of the Shiji site, said that the site of the Shiji site consists of three completely intact and relatively independent city sites in Huangchengtai, Inner City and Outer Town. The shape is complete, the structure is clear, and the preservation is good.
The site of the new excavation is located on a mountain in the inner city of Hanjiadan, the inner corner of the Shijie site, facing the imperial ditch of the Imperial Palace in the palace area of ​​Shijie City. Since April this year, archaeologists have cleared 19 houses and 24 tombs, and unearthed a number of pottery and stone bones with distinct characteristics and clear geographical features.
Seen at the scene, there are many tombs arranged horizontally and vertically on a small area. Sun Zhouyong said that the remains in the Hanjiadan site are generally complete. The mourners are generally younger women. Their hands are tied by the inconspicuous string. The general side faces the tomb owner and the upper limbs are curved, showing a state of mean knees.
Shao Jing, captain of the Shiji Archaeological Team of the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, said: "The Hankiao Dandan ruins have high architectural specifications and many burial objects. The general tombs have niches and shackles. They should be inside the Shijie City. Very important aristocratic cemetery."
Due to the high value of the funerary objects and the lack of effective means of protection, the well-built tombs have been stolen. It can be seen from the items left by the robbers in the stolen caves that most of the tombs occurred around 2007, and the method was rude. The large-scale thief was directly used by simple tools such as shovel, causing the funerary objects to be taken away and the remains were disturbed.
At present, archaeologists are scrutinizing and protecting the monks inside the tomb and a small number of funerary objects. They have discovered higher-level tombs, unearthed decorations used by the tombs before life, such as jade pipes, jade birds, etc. In addition, more than 20 ostrich eggshells have been discovered, which are used to study climate change and prehistoric conditions in northern Shaanxi. The Shiyan residents provide a basis for foreign exchanges. Shao Jing believes that the Shiji site at that time may have a metropolitan significance, and the ostrich eggshell may be a valuable item exchanged.
The life scene can be restored by studying the living conditions and the form of tombs at that time.
This time, how did the excavation in the Han family in the Shijie site unfold? Shao Jing said that this excavation is not a whim. In the early stage of archaeological work, after investigation and drilling of the “carpet†of Shijie City, the archaeological team basically grasped each functional location of the city site. In order to grasp the whole situation, the archaeological team has formulated an annual plan: from 2011 to 2013, the archaeological team mainly excavated the outer gate of the outer city of Shijie City; in 2014, the archaeological team began to excavate the residential and tomb areas in the city.
The archaeological team believes that there is a time lag between the residential site and the burial area. The tombs unearthed at the same location were 300 years later than the site. As the house was destroyed, about 4,000 years ago, it was used as a cemetery.
Where does this inference come from? Shao Jing introduced, mainly through absolute dating and relative dating. There are two kinds of determinations in the absolute age. One is the typology commonly used in the domestic archaeological industry. The age of the objects or cultural relics is estimated by the characteristics of the times. The criteria for determining the age of an item depend on the framework established by archaeology over the last hundred years, comparing the excavated artifacts with the framework to determine its age. The second type is the “carbon 14 dating†that has been used internationally in recent years. It combines physical and chemical methods to complete the determination of carbonaceous materials such as wood, bones and white ash with professional instruments. The relative age measurement relies on a logical reasoning. For example, in the process of excavating the tombs and the site, the house is pressed under the tomb, and the construction of the tomb ruined the original site, so that the two can be inferred. Relative age - the house is early and the tomb is late.
Previously, a large number of murals and 48 human skulls were found in the archaeological excavations of the East Gate of the Foreign City. Experts believe that the concentrated discovery of the skull may be related to the foundation work or sacrifice activities during the construction of the city wall. Shao Jing believes that the excavation in the Han family has become more "lively". "Houses and tombs are closer to people than the gates. The archaeological research on them can be used to know the items used by the tombs before their lives. It can restore the life scene and living conditions of the Shijie people."
Will continue to explore the unsolved mystery of the Eurasian grassland culture 4000 years ago.
Such a huge ancient city has not been recorded in the historical materials. In the excavation of the Shijie site, the excavation and investigation of the city wall confirmed the approximate age and city circle of the Shiji site; this discovery of the house site and the tomb group is conducive to exploring the structure of the city and the functional areas of different periods. Variety.
Sun Zhouyong believes that the archaeological excavations of the Shijie site have confirmed the important sites such as the huge mass, complex structure, advanced construction technology, stone walls, piers, "thresholds", and "outside the city", and jade articles were unearthed. Murals, murals and a large number of important relics such as pottery, stoneware and bones from the late Longshan to the summer, confirm the age of the Shijie city site from the stratigraphic relationship. Combined with the stratigraphic relationship and unearthed relics, it was initially determined that the earliest site of the Shijie City (Huangchengtai) was built in the middle of Longshan or slightly later, and was destroyed in the summer period. It belongs to a super large center settlement in northern China. The large-scale stone wall and the huge number of stone jade articles discovered in the past show the core position of the stone ruins in the northern cultural circle.
According to reports, the area of ​​the Shijie City site currently announced is only a part of the site of the Shiji site. There are still many sites of stone ruins at the periphery of the site. Through the measurement of RTK (real-time dynamic difference method) technology, the area of ​​the site known now exceeds 10 Square kilometers. As far as the Shijie City site is concerned, it is already the largest prehistoric city site in China.
In addition, from a global perspective, Shijie City is located in the channel zone of the Eurasian grassland, as a transportation hub, it is the only place for communication between East, West and North. In-depth development of the archaeological work of the Shiji site will help solve some of the problems involving the entire Eurasian grassland culture 4000 years ago. There are also many interesting questions involved in the research process. For example, in today's Afghanistan, there has been a strong Uru dynasty. Its main feature is the very spectacular Stone Town. There is also a similar stone ruin site on the northern Shaanxi Plateau. Some internal cultural connections? These issues are subject to further exploration and exploration by archaeologists.
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