In recent years, the level of imitation of Gaogu jade has been continuously improved, and it has broken through some theories of predecessors to identify ancient jade, which has brought new problems to the identification work. It is necessary to proceed from objective reality, carry out scientific research on the different characteristics of imitation goods, go deep into the market, constantly sum up practical experience, conduct scientific, objective and comprehensive analysis and identification, instead of relying on subjective reasoning, research and guessing. Identify the authenticity.
The following six points identification methods are summarized below.
1. Process trace identification
Talking about ancient jade crafts, mainly the ancient jade processing technology. There are two major aspects, one is the ancient manual and semi-automated process from the Qing Dynasty to the Neolithic Age; the other is the modern power tool technology and sand bag and sandbox polishing process. In the late Neolithic period, manual cookware was invented, polishing jade sand, animal skin rim, cotton, linen rim, etc., which are characterized by the fact that the drill holes are mostly trumpet-shaped, and the long holes are mostly drilled, and the holes are Medium and thin, both ends are large, and the wall of the hole can be seen with spirals of different thickness and smooth surface. The wall of the machine hole is relatively regular, leaving a fine and uniform spiral pattern. In addition, boron bismuth can also be found at the edge of the hole. This is an important method for perforation identification. After the invention of the Warring States ironware, the perforation was relatively regular, but the spiral pattern of the hole wall was different from that of the mechanical hole wall. The hole in the red mountain culture turquoise jade eagle shows the level of drilling technology in the era.
During the Neolithic Age and the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the use of jade sand and animal skin was used for polishing. 10 times or 20 times magnifying glass can observe the unevenness of thickness, but the smooth fine groove, or there are also chaotic and irregular grooves, which are different from the fine parallel and fine parallel grooves which are polished by mechanical polishing or imitation of ancient method. This kind of process is one of the important methods to identify the authenticity of ancient jade. It is also the main method of identification. I hope that everyone can observe more objects and compare them. It is necessary to emphasize that it is necessary to use a magnifying glass to observe and identify.
2. Oxidation identification
Oxidation refers to the chemical changes produced by jade in various natural environments with air, water and other substances.
There are three kinds of phenomena of oxidation: one is the white phenomenon of chicken bone with different degrees of calcification; the other is the phenomenon of etched holes and plaque; the third is that the oxidation is severe into powder. From the perspective of mineralogy, the jade is different in density and contains some other substances. The weak part of the texture under long-term chemical action, especially the small holes formed by different degrees of erosion on the surface of jade. Some mouths and large abdomen are large, and the shiny crystals formed by the chemical changes in the holes can be observed under the magnifying glass, which is currently not forged by any method. The following are the pupils on the Hongshan culture jade pig dragon. You can see the obvious secondary crystals and black magnetic coagulations, which are formed by the degradation of ancient microbes.
Another type of oxidation is heavier. Usually, the surface of the jade is calcified to form white spots. The degree is light and heavy, but it is naturally covered in some or all of the jade. The degree is light, the surface is still shiny, and the severe one is eroded into powder. The important point is that the weak parts of jade are usually oxidized more heavily, and fired fake jade is not the case.
At present, the forged jade is eroded with acid substances. The surface of the jade is usually eroded by large areas, and the etched holes and plaques are obvious. The pseudo-ancient jade treated in this way is often small and small, with no crystals and mottled. In this method, it should be noted that there are individual counterfeiters who use natural oxidized jade as a creator, which requires uniform oxidation from the processing traces.
3. Identification of condensate
Pulping usually refers to a substance formed by jade in various environments attached to the surface of jade. There are three main forms: one is soluble mineral coagulum in soil; the other is jade or rot on the surface of jade. The third is the dirt on the world. These kinds of substances are very subtle and vary in color. They are usually observed from physical observations for many years.
The patina of the unearthed product is a substance that condenses on the surface of the jade. This substance is also mottled under the magnifying glass, and some are formed after the mineral is dissolved; some are transparent; some are the tomb. Either way, it is very natural, the condensation is more solid, and accompanied by the smell of the tomb. Some of this smell is still there even if it is brushed. This is also an important method for identifying the smell. ,
This is not the case with the fake device. The patina is loose, there is no tomb odor, and there is no transparent mineral. Even if the soil is rich in pulp, it is also a kind of substance. It is known to be burned and washed. It is popular to use a kind of fine jade wire wrapped around the earth and put it into the soil for several months or several years. The red brown soil rust can be fixed on the jade. However, ancient jade is rarely stored and buried together with iron-like substances. Only one type of jade sword has this.
4. Art level identification
In the history of Chinese jade craftsmanship, each period has distinctive artistic styles, different artistic styles in different periods, and each period has both mature art and immature or growing art. Familiar with the jade craftsmanship of all ages and regions is a prerequisite for the identification of ancient jade, which requires us not only to read some jade theory books, but also to look at jade catalogues and museums, collectors' physical materials. The picture below is a 200-time photomicrograph of a Liangzhu culture animal face jade. Each Yin line is composed of obliquely fine lines. Some people question that it is a modern electric tool. Please carefully observe and engrave Whether the line has continuous scoring formed by electric cookware or a single manual oblique line is an important criterion for identifying the craft level of Liangzhu culture jade. Mastering this point is like learning the secret of nine turns to Jin Dan.
In the ancient jade art level, mature art is difficult to imitate today. It is embodied in the fact that jade articles with high artistic level are more difficult to imitate, and it is relatively easy to identify. It is called tangible and godless. For example, in the Han Dynasty, jade characters, horses, beasts, and especially round sculptures, the round, full, smooth lines are still extremely difficult to imitate. It can be said that the more the large-scale works with high technical content, the round sculptures and the complex works, the easier it is to identify. The reason is that it is difficult to make and it is easy to leave flaws.
The following is a Liangzhu culture animal face pattern jewelry, from the jade quality situation, once used as a roast jade sacrifice in the ritual occasion, buried in the ash pit for a long time, a kind of leather shell, many people do not know, think it is Stoneware or simply imitation of future generations, collectors not only need to study whether the process water at that time can be copied so fine, but also to make scene inferences about the formation conditions of jade hulls, do more Detective work, less on the mouth In the brick home, the real thing will not slip through.
5. Twilight identification
The twilight identification focuses on learning to understand the color change between the ancient jade and the objects in contact with various storage environments for a long time. We usually call it "twilight". If the jade is stored in a red lacquerware, it may be red. Black lacquer may produce black enamel, which may be yellowish brown when buried in loess. The important point is that under normal circumstances, the true color is relatively simple; the color is darker, and the chaotic and bright colors are doubtful.
If the jade has cleavage and cracks, it is not a contact part, not necessarily a twilight. The chemical or physical imitation of the ochre is usually full. There are also local flaws, which are characterized by more sputum, and the burning of false sputum does not necessarily occur in the weak or cracked jade. This can be seen by observing under strong white light. However, it is useful to use high-tech lasers to falsify the colors along the jade cleavage or sputum. Another point is that the jade storage environment is dry or the jade is dense and flawless. The collection of Liangzhu jade, due to different burial conditions, the degree of oxidation and cleavage varies greatly. For example, the jade that was unearthed from the new land in the same year has been like chalk gray, which is difficult to remove without the template; and the red mountain jade is unearthed from the northern stone. Hey, the interference from the outside world is relatively small, the cleavage is relatively mild, and the calcified artifacts are often not seen. However, there will be traces of ice cracks formed by temperature changes. In some cracks, even the secondary phenomenon of tremolite crystals can be seen. It is also an important identification method for Hongshan culture jade, but it still needs to distinguish between modern imitations. The frozen cracks caused by boiling water after the refrigerator is frozen, the cracks in the real product often form cracks in the same direction, and are inclined at a 45-degree angle; while the replicas are densely covered and straight into the cracks, no secondary traces of crystals are found, and the collector needs Distinguish it.
6. Odour identification
Jade burial environment is different, the smell is also different, most of them have tomb taste, earthy taste, and the taste of the world. Generally, the smell of jade is the most recently unearthed. The best way to familiarize yourself with this smell is to smell the old kiln ceramics, especially the newly unearthed ceramic smells. Especially in the Warring States and Han Dynasty pottery, their smell is the same as that of jade unearthed from the tomb. . This method is limited to newly unearthed or recently unearthed jade. For the identification of the forgery of ancient jade, they not only have no burial odor, but instead have a pungent chemical odor or a simple earth odor. This method requires us to practice more, compare more, and gain something. However, one thing to note is that jade with earthy debris, whether it is unearthed in the morning and evening, must have a tomb taste. It is more immersed in water or suffocating. On the contrary, it is odorless.
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